An international journal dedicated to allied health professional practice and education
http://ijahsp.nova.edu                         ISSN 1540-580X

A Peer Reviewed Publication of the College of Allied Health & Nursing at Nova Southeastern University
Editors
Richard E. Davis, PA-C, MS, EdD
Editor-in-Chief - IJAHSP
Past Commissioner, ARC-PA
Dean, College of Allied Health and Nursing
Professor,
Physician Assistant
Nova Southeastern University

Guy M. Nehrenz, EdD, MA, RRT.
Managing Editor, Web Developer - IJAHSP

Executive Associate Dean, College of Allied Health and Nursing
Professor, Department of Health Science
Nova Southeastern University

Member, World Association of Medical Editors
Associate Member,
Sigma XI, Scientific Research Society

Patrick Hardigan, MBA, PhD
Statistical Editor - IJAHSP
Executive Director
Assessment, Evaluation, and Faculty Development
Professor, Biostatistics
Nova Southeastern University
Eric Shamus, PhD, PT
Copy Editor - IJAHSP
College of Osteopathic Medicine
Assistant Professor -
Osteopathic Medicine
Nova Southeastern University

Cheryl Hill, PhD, PT
Copy Editor - IJAHSP
Professor - Physical Therapy

College of Allied Health and Nursing
 Nova Southeastern University

Frederick A. Paola, MD, JD
Medical/Legal/Ethics Editor and Consultant - IJAHSP
Medical Director, PA Program - Naples, Florida
Nova Southeastern University
Sidelle Silverstein
Journal Administrator
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Editorials and Commentary
Karen Grimmer-Somers, PhD, MMedSc, BPhty
Professor of Allied Health
Director, Centre for Allied Health Evidence
Division of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Peter Holub, DPM, EdS
Nova Southeastern University
Assistant Professor, Health Science
Department of Health Science
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Editorial Board (Associate Editors)
Morton Diamond, MD
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Professor - Physician Assistant Program

Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
 
Joseph J. Pizzimenti, OD, FAAO
Associate Professor of Optometry
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States

Barry Freeman, PhD

Director, Education and Training
Starkey
United States

Mary Blackinton PT, MS, EdD

College of Allied Health and Nursing
Associate Professor - Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States

Karen Grimmer-Somers, PhD, MMedSc, BPhty
Professor of Allied Health
Director, Centre for Allied Health Evidence
Division of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia

Harvey Feldman, MD

College of Allied Health and Nursing
Professor: Physician Assistant Program
Nova Southeastern University

Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States

Leah Nof, PhD, PT

College of Allied Health and Nursing
Professor - Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
 

Bini Litwin PT, MBA, PhD
Professor - Physical Therapy
Department of Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States

Randy Danielsen, PhD, PA-C
Professor & Dean

A.T. Still University
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Mesa, Arizona
United States

Lanetta Jordan, MD, MPH
Medical Director - Clinical Resource Mgt
Memorial Healthcare System
Hollywood, Florida
United States
Patricia Kelly, EdD, PA-C
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Director, Doctor of Health Science Program
Associate Professor -  Health Science
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Sandrine Gaillard-Kenney, EdD
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Chair, Dept of Health Science
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Sally A. Weiss, RN, MSN, EdD
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Associate Professor, Nursing
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Madeleine Hellman,  EdD, MHM, PT
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Director,  PhD, Physical Therapy Program
Associate Professor 
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Vinod Podichetty, MD, MS
Director, Medical Intervention & Surgical Spine Center
Cleveland Clinic Florida
Weston, Florida
United States
 Elizabeth Swann, PhD, ATC-L
Director, Athletic Training
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Hugh Rappa, MD
Academic Director - Physician Assistant
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Review Board
Brian D. Humphrey, MA, CCC-SLP
Instructor-Fluency Disorders Specialist
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Jeff G. Konin, PhD, ATC, PT
Visiting Associate Professor
School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences
College of Medicine
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida
United States
Lori T. Andersen, EdD, OTR/L, FAOTA
Professor, Occupational Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Robert Grosz, EdD
Professor, Physician Assistant Program
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Stanley Wilson, EdD, PT, CEAS
Chair, Physical Therapy Department
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Dawn Brown-Cross, PT, EdD
Assistant Professor - Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Laura Amon, MS, PA-C
Associate Director - Physician Assistant
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale Florida
United States
Donna S. Lundy, MA, CCC, PhD-C
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Dept. of Otolaryngology, U. of Miami School of Med
Miami, Florida
United States
Donald Fuller, PhD, ATC
Undergraduate Athletic Training Program Director
Baylor University
Waco, Texas
United States
Sonja M. Bianchi, RN, MMS (INACTIVE)
Manager of Medical Writing
Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology
Cranbury, New Jersey
United States
Pamela Kasyan-Itzkowitz, MS, OTR/L
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Assistant Professor - Occupational Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Shari Rone-Adams, PT, DBA
Lecturer, Physiotherapy
Brunel University
West London, UK

Assistant Professor - Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
David Irvine, DHSc, PA-C
Director, Center for Physician Assistant Studies
Albany Medical College
New York
United States
William A. Pitney, EdD, ATC
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Kinesiology & Physical Education
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois
United States
Tabitha C. Parent-Buck,  AuD
Chair of Audiology
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Mesa, Arizona
United States
Scott Schatz PhD, OD, FAAO
Professor of Optometry
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Jennifer Tasca Kell, OD, FAAO
Optometrist
Front Range Eye Health Center
Louisville, CO.
United States
Rieko Darling, PhD (INACTIVE)
Associate Professor
Department of Audiology
Western Washington University
United States
Janet C. Struber, BPthy (PT), MHS
Director of Primary Health Care 
Cape York Health Service District 
Queensland Health 
Weipa, Queensland
Australia
 Harriet B. Jacobster, AuD, CCC-A, FAAA
IHAER - Institute for Hearing Arts Education & Rehabilitation, LLC
United States
Lawrence Herman, MPA, PA-C
Asst. Professor - Physician Assistant Studies
New York Institute of Technology
New York, NY.
United States
Michael Champion, DHSc, PA-C, CCP, RN
Senior Surgical Educator
Terumo Cardiovascular Systems
San Antonio Texas
United States
Beth Pfeiffer, PhD, OTR/L, BCP
Assistant Professor and Coordinator
Post-Professional Certificate in Pediatrics
Misericordia Occupational Therapy Department
United States

 
Richard Finkel, Pharm.D
Assistant Professor
Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Kimberly A. Melgarejo, Pharm.D
Clinical Pharmacy Manager
Borgess Medical Center
United States
Aurora Denial, OD, FAAO
Educator, Optometry
United States
Richard S. Saul, PhD, FAAA
Associate Professor of Audiology
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Frederic Bushkin MD, MS, FACS (INACTIVE)
Director of Medical Affairs,
Memorial Regional Hospital
Hollywood, Florida
United States
Anthony Dyda, PA-C, MPAS, DHSc
Director, Master of Health Science Program
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Barbara Maxwell, PT, DPT, MSc, BSc(Hons), Cert THE
Associate Professor
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Department of Physical Therapy
A.T. Still University
Mesa, Arizona
United States
Peter Holub, DPM
Nova Southeastern University
Assistant Professor, Health Science
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Sarah Ransdell, PhD
Associate Professor
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
United States
Susan Hillier, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Private Practitioner
University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Judith Parker, OTD, OTR/L
Associate Professor
Nova Southeastern University
Occupational Therapy Department
Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
United States
Ian Edwards, PhD
University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Michelle Heinan, EdD, PA-C
Dean of Health Sciences
Argosy University
Twin Cities
United States
James Roush, PhD, PT
Arizona School of Health Sciences
Associate Professor
Physical Therapy Department
Mesa, AZ.
United States
Jeryl D. Benson, MS, OTR/L
Instructor, Occupational Therapy Dept.
Duquesne University
Pittsburgh, PA.
United States
Mark Jones, BS (Psych), MAppSc (Manipulative Therapy)
Program Director, Senior Lecturer
Postgraduate Coursework, Masters Programs
 School of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Susan Gordon, PhD
James Cook University
School of Public Health
Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences
Queensland
Australia
Susan Callahan Barnard, DHSc, RDH
Dean, Division of Health Professions
Bergen Community College
Paramus, NJ
United States
Michael Dufek, OD, FAAO
Fox Medical Center
Miami, FL
United States
Matthew Rhea, PhD, PT
Director of Human Movement
Arizona School of Health Sciences
A.T. Still University
Mesa, AZ.
United States
 
Andrea E. Bialocerkowski, PhD.
Senior Lecturer
University of Melbourne
Australia
Matthew R. Kutz, PhD, ATC, CSCS
Assistant Professor of Athletic Training & Clinic Management
Clinical Education Coordinator, ATCM Program
 School of Human Movement, Sport, & Leisure Studies
Bowling Green State University
United States
Theresa J. Kraemer, PhD, PT, ATC
Physical Therapist
United States
Quinette Louw, PhD
Professor, Physiotherapy Department
Stellenbosch University
Cape Town, South Africa
Saravana Kumar, PhD, MPT 
D
eputy Director
Centre for Allied Health Evidence
Division of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
Adelaide,  South Australia
Australia
Diana Shechtman, OD, FAAO
College of Optometry
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
United States
Nathalie I. Garbani, MS, RVT
Assistant Program Director and Assistant Professor
Vascular Sonography Program
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Peter Bragge, PhD
Tutor, School of Physiotherapy
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria
Australia
Janine Margarita R. Dizon, MSPT, PTRP
Editor in Chief, Philippine Journal of Allied Health Science

Director, Center for Research on Movement Science
Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratories
University of Santo Tomas
Philippines
Wanda I. Ramos, BS, RVT
Assistant Professor-Clinical Coordinator
Nova Southeastern University
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Michael Funk, MPH, PA-C
Assistant Professor
Physician Assistant Department
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Jennie Lou, MD, MSc, OTR
College of Osteopathic Medicine
Public Health Program
Nova. Southeastern University
United States
Dean L. Arneson, Pharm.D., Ph.D.
Associate Dean and Associate Professor
Univ. of Oklahoma
 Tulsa College of Pharmacy
Tulsa, Oklahoma
United States
Marie Williams, PhD
Associate Professor
Research Degree Coordinator
School of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
City East Campus
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Lewis Reich, OD, PhD, FAAO
Vice President for Academic Affairs
Southern College of Optometry
Memphis, TN
United States
C. Lynn Chevalier, DHSc, MPH, MS, CPC
Director of Quality Services
Nextwave, Inc.
Albany, New York
Adjunct Faculty
 Department of Health Science
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
John Petkov, BSc, BAppSc, MSc.
Director of Applied Statistics Unit
University of South Australia
Whyalla Norrie, South Australia
Australia
Richard C. Vause, DHSc, PA-C
Academic Director
Physician Assistant Program
Nova Southeastern University, Naples Campus
Naples, Florida
United States
Morey J. Kolber, PT, PhD, Cert MDT, CSCS
Assistant Professor
Nova Southeastern University
Department of Physical Therapy
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
John Silver, RN, MS
Assistant Professor
Department of Nursing
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Teryl Dever, AuD
Assistant Professor
Department of Audiology
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Albert EM Coombs, MA, PA-C
Clinical Director and Assistant Professor
Physician Assistant Program - Naples
Nova Southeaster University
Naples, Florida
United States
Leoné Smith, BSc, MSc.
Junior Lecturer, Physiotherapy Division,
Stellenbosch University
Cape Town
South Africa
Marlette Burger, BSc, MSc.
Lecturer, Physiotherapy Division,
Stellenbosch University
Cape Town
South Africa
Wendy Thomson, Ed.D(c), MSN, BSBA, IBCLC
Assistant Professor/Technology Coordinator
Nova Southeastern University
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
  John W. Rafalko, Ed.D., PA-C
Associate Professor,  Director of Clinical Medicine & Surgery
Physician Assistant Program
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Kyrus Patch, MPAS, PA-C
Assistant Professor
Nova Southeastern University
Physician Assistant Program - Naples
United States
M. Samuel Cheng, PT, MS, ScD
Assistant Professor, Physical Therapy Program
Nova Southeastern University
3200 S. University Drive
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Frances Hardy, MAppSciPhty
Senior Lecturer, Division of Health Sciences
School of Health Sciences - Physiotherapy

University of South Australia
Adelaide, South Australia
Australia
Valerie W. Herzog, EdD, LAT, ATC
Graduate Athletic Training Program Director
Assistant Professor - Athletic Training
Department of Health Promotion and Human Performance
Weber State University
Ogden, Utah  
United States
Leslie Anne Hildebrand, PhD, RD
Associate Professor of Nutrition and Dietetics
Sports Nutrition Registered Dietitian
Central Michigan University
United States
Marilyn Gordon M.S., R.D., L.D./N.
Registered Dietitian, Licensed Dietitian/Nutritionist
Nova Southeastern University
United States
Jon Dodds, PhD
Assistant Professor, Public Health
Nova Southeastern University
United States
David Berry, PhD, LAT, ATC, EMT-B  
Assistant Professor/Coordinator of Clinical Education
 Weber State University
Department of Health Promotion and Human Performance
United States
Michael Whitehead, DHSc, PA-C
Eastridge Family Medicine
Gastonia, NC
United States
Ingrid Provident, EdD, OTR/L
Assistant Professor and Academic Fieldwork Coordinator
Occupational Therapy Department
Duquesne University
Pittsburgh, PA.
United States
Michael S. Nichols, AA-C
Assistant Program Director & Assistant Professor
Anesthesiologist Assistant Program
Nova Southeastern University
United States
J. Jordon Hamson-Utley, PhD, ATC
Assistant Professor
Director, Undergraduate Athletic Training Program
Weber State University
United States
Pradeep Vanguri, PhD, ATC
Assistant Professor, Clinical Coordinator
Athletic Training Education Program
Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine
University of South Florida
United States
Lucylynn M. Lizarondo, MSPT, MA, PTRP
 Researcher – Centre for Allied Health Evidence
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA
Australia
Robert Sadaty, MD
 Attending Physician
Naples Community Hospital Wound Healing Center
 Private Practice, Internal Medicine
Naples, Florida
United States
Debbie James, PhD
Academic Researcher
Paediatric Speech Pathologist (Speech and Language)
Centre for Allied Health Evidence (CAHE)
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Louise Brown, B.App.Sc., MEd
Senior Lecturer and Clinical Education Coordinator
Speech Pathology
Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Science
James Cook University
Townsville, Queensland
Australia
Sharon J. Steinweg M.A., CCC-SLP
Speech-Language Pathologist
United States
Willem van Steenbrugge, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Speech Pathology
Flinders University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 

Mandy Stanley Phd, MHlthSc, BAppSc(OT)

Senior Lecturer

School of Health Sciences

University of South Australia

Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Lucy Chipchase, PhD, M App Sc, Dip Physio
Senior Lecturer
School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Physiotherapy
University of Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Australia
Natasha Schranz BAppSc(Hons)
PhD Candidate, School of Health Sciences
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Jodi Clark, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Health Science
College of Allied Health and Nursing
Health Professions Division
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Debra F. Stern, DBA, MSM, PT.
Associate Professor
Department of Physical Therapy
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Pradeep Vanguri, PhD
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States
Julie Luker, MAppSc (Physio)
PhD candidate
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Consuelo B. Gonzalez-Suarez, PhD
University of Santo Tomas
Post-Doctoral Candidate, Health Promotion
Manila
Philippines
Anthea Worley, PhD
Researcher
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Anne Hofmeyer, RN, MPHC, PhD
University of South Australia, City East Campus
Adelaide, SA.
Australia
Luke Perraton, B. Physio; M. Physio (Musc. & Sport)
 Researcher, musculoskeletal and sports physiotherapist
Centre for Allied Health Evidence
University of South Australia
Adelaide, SA.
Australia 
Zuzana Machotka MPT (Musc. & Sport)
Academic Researcher
Centre for Allied Health Evidence (CAHE)
University of South Australia
 Adelaide, SA.
Australia